I can't be bothered trying to wrestle with a pair of ASAs in multi-context mode (which you need for active-active) so I looked at using NAT under IOS on a 7200 (the platform we use as the router equivalent of our Catalyst 6500-Es in GNS3). I don't need stateful switchover, but I do want the basic service to failover in the simulation.
This turns out to be very simple as the 7200s support NAT in VRFs and we can use HSRP to do the active-active balancing.
Background
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| CUDN border and NAT from GNS3 |
This arrangement means that only traffic to be NATed needs to go through the ASAs: IPv4 public IP addresses and IPv6 flow straight through, so we don't have to worry about handling those, which not only reduces load on the ASAs but also means we don't have to work out how to get things like multicast through them.
There are two ASAs operating in a pair, handling roughly half of the private addresses each. This is done by putting half of the private addresses through one context, normally active on one box, and the other half through a second context, normally active on the other. If either fail, one ASA takes over all the load.
The inside of the ASAs is on a /29 link subnet with static routing: the ASAs provide a redundant first hop address for traffic to them for the router to redirect traffic two. The outside is a /24 block to provide a pool of public IP addresses to NAT behind. That subnet is a effectively a regular client subnet.
NATed traffic coming back in goes to the public range, gets de-NATed by the ASAs and sent back into the network on the inside /29.
The router provides first hop redundant gateways on both the inside and outside networks, although in practice there is only one at present.
There are separate inside /29s and outside /24s for each half of the private addresses to be NATed.
In the GNS3 simulation, we're going to replace the ASAs with IOS routers doing NAT.
Router configuration
The configuration of the routers doing the PBR is identical to the real production ones.
First, we create the interfaces to link to the NAT - this is the configuration for the first router, which is going to handle the outside range 131.111.184.0/24 by default (the other outside range will go through 131.111.185.0/24 to load balance - see the BGP configuration later):
interface Ethernet1/2.1981
description nat-1-outside
encapsulation dot1Q 1981
ip address 131.111.184.253 255.255.255.0
no ip proxy-arp
standby version 2
standby 81 ip 131.111.184.254
standby 81 timers 1 3
standby 81 priority 200
standby 81 preempt
standby 81 track 30 decrement 50
!
interface Ethernet1/2.1982
description nat-1-inside
encapsulation dot1Q 1982
ip address 193.60.92.34 255.255.255.248
no ip proxy-arp
standby version 2
standby 82 ip 193.60.92.33
standby 82 timers 1 3
standby 82 priority 200
standby 82 preempt
standby 82 track 30 decrement 50
!
interface Ethernet1/2.1983
description nat-2-outside
encapsulation dot1Q 1983
ip address 131.111.185.253 255.255.255.0
no ip proxy-arp
standby version 2
standby 83 ip 131.111.185.254
standby 83 timers 1 3
standby 83 priority 190
standby 83 preempt
standby 83 track 30 decrement 50
!
interface Ethernet1/2.1984
description nat-2-inside
encapsulation dot1Q 1984
ip address 193.60.92.42 255.255.255.248
no ip proxy-arp
standby version 2
standby 84 ip 193.60.92.41
standby 84 timers 1 3
standby 84 priority 190
standby 84 preempt
standby 84 track 30 decrement 50
Then we create access lists to match the private address to be NATed - we use all of 172.16.0.0/12, except for 172.31.0.0/16 (don't ask!):
ip access-list extended nat-1_clients
deny ip any 128.232.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 129.169.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 131.111.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 192.18.195.0 0.0.0.255
deny ip any 193.60.80.0 0.0.15.255
deny ip any 193.63.252.0 0.0.1.255
permit ip 172.16.0.0 0.7.255.255 any
deny ip any any
!
ip access-list extended nat-2_clients
deny ip any 128.232.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 129.169.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 131.111.0.0 0.0.255.255
deny ip any 192.18.195.0 0.0.0.255
deny ip any 193.60.80.0 0.0.15.255
deny ip any 193.63.252.0 0.0.1.255
permit ip 172.24.0.0 0.3.255.255 any
permit ip 172.28.0.0 0.1.255.255 any
permit ip 172.30.0.0 0.0.255.255 any
deny ip any any
We then create the route-maps to do PBR and redirect traffic across the /29 'inside' links:
route-map nat_redirect permit 110
match ip address nat-1_clients
set ip next-hop 193.60.92.38
!
route-map nat_redirect permit 120
match ip address nat-2_clients
set ip next-hop 193.60.92.46
... and attach them to the inside interfaces (linking to the core routers):
interface Ethernet1/0
description CORE-CENT
ip policy route-map nat_redirect
!
interface Ethernet1/1
description CORE-MILL
ip policy route-map nat_redirect
I mentioned we were going to use this router to handle the outside range 131.111.184.0/24 and the other 131.111.185.0/24. To steer inbound traffic via this router, we want to advertise that prefix to Janet explicitly, so we need to add this to our BGP configuration:
router bgp 64602
address-family ipv4 unicast
network 131.111.184.0 mask 255.255.255.0
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv4 multicast
network 131.111.184.0 mask 255.255.255.0
exit-address-family
And also add that range to the outbound prefix list - I've created a new prefix-list under a specific name as I think it best to keep lists the same across routers, if their names are the same - these are not, so I've changed it on each:
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 5 permit 128.232.0.0/16
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 10 permit 129.169.0.0/16
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 15 permit 131.111.0.0/16
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 20 permit 192.18.195.0/24
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 25 permit 192.84.5.0/24
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 30 permit 192.153.213.0/24
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 35 permit 193.60.80.0/20
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 40 permit 193.63.252.0/23
ip prefix-list janetc-out_prefixes seq 45 permit 131.111.184.0/24
Finally, you may have spotted the track directive to HSRP above, in the interface definitions. This is to cause HSRP to lower its priority, if this router loses direct connectivity to Janet. The 7200 can't track the metric of a BGP router (unlike a Catalyst 6500), so I've just made it track the interface connecting to Janet:
track 30 interface Ethernet1/3 ip routing
This causes the gateways on the outside and inside interfaces to be handled by the router which has the best connectivity to Janet.
NAT configuration
The 7200 supports NAT in VRFs - while we don't strictly need to use them, it is a nice way of keeping the routing tables for the two NAT context separate (otherwise it wouldn't be clear which outside gateway was going to be used as the default route back to the router to go on to Janet).
First, create the VRFs:
vrf definition nat-1_vrf
rd 64602:1981
address-family ipv4
exit-address-family
!
vrf definition nat-2_vrf
rd 64602:1983
address-family ipv4
exit-address-family
Then some access lists to identify the clients to be NATed:
ip access-list standard nat-1-clients
permit 172.16.0.0 0.7.255.255
!
ip access-list standard nat-2-clients
permit 172.24.0.0 0.3.255.255
permit 172.28.0.0 0.1.255.255
permit 172.30.0.0 0.0.255.255
Create the two NAT pools and mappings (note the 'vrf' option and 'match-in-vrf' which is essential when using VRFs):
ip nat pool nat-1c-pool 131.111.184.1 131.111.184.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside source list nat-1-clients pool nat-1c-pool vrf nat-1_vrf match-in-vrf overload
!
ip nat pool nat-2c-pool 131.111.185.1 131.111.185.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside source list nat-2-clients pool nat-2c-pool vrf nat-2_vrf match-in-vrf overload
The configure the outside and inside interfaces, putting them in the appropriate VRFs and configuring NAT. Note that we need HSRP (with different priorities across both contexts, to balance load) on the inside as that is used as a static route destination by the connecting router. However, we don't need this on the outside as we're using different outside addresses on each router (131.111.184.2 and 131.111.185.2, respectively):
interface Ethernet1/0.1981
description nat-1-outside
vrf forwarding nat-1_vrf
encapsulation dot1Q 1981
ip address 131.111.184.250 255.255.255.0
no ip proxy-arp
ip nat outside
!
interface Ethernet1/0.1982
description nat-1-inside
vrf forwarding nat-1_vrf
encapsulation dot1Q 1982
ip address 193.60.92.37 255.255.255.248
no ip proxy-arp
ip nat inside
standby version 2
standby 162 ip 193.60.92.38
standby 162 timers 1 3
standby 162 priority 200
standby 162 preempt
!
interface Ethernet1/0.1983
description nat-2-outside
vrf forwarding nat-2_vrf
encapsulation dot1Q 1983
ip address 131.111.185.250 255.255.255.0
ip nat outside
!
interface Ethernet1/0.1984
description nat-2-inside
vrf forwarding nat-2_vrf
encapsulation dot1Q 1984
ip address 193.60.92.45 255.255.255.248
no ip proxy-arp
ip nat inside
standby version 2
standby 164 ip 193.60.92.46
standby 164 timers 1 3
standby 164 priority 190
standby 164 preempt
Finally, a bit of static routing for the inside and outside destinations, across both VRFs:
ip route vrf nat-1_vrf 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1981 131.111.184.254
ip route vrf nat-1_vrf 172.16.0.0 255.248.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1982 193.60.92.33
ip route vrf nat-1_vrf 172.24.0.0 255.252.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1982 193.60.92.33
ip route vrf nat-1_vrf 172.28.0.0 255.254.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1982 193.60.92.33
ip route vrf nat-1_vrf 172.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1982 193.60.92.33
!
ip route vrf nat-2_vrf 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1983 131.111.185.254
ip route vrf nat-2_vrf 172.16.0.0 255.248.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1984 193.60.92.41
ip route vrf nat-2_vrf 172.24.0.0 255.252.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1984 193.60.92.41
ip route vrf nat-2_vrf 172.28.0.0 255.254.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1984 193.60.92.41
ip route vrf nat-2_vrf 172.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 Ethernet1/0.1984 193.60.92.41
And that's all there is to it!
This doesn't give stateful failover (preserving translations), but my simulation only needs to pass traceroutes and pings, so it seems a lot of unnecessary work, as that's completely different on the ASAs.
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